Fractures
	Ligamentous Injuries
	Muscular Injuries

Trauma to the spine refers to injury that has occurred to bony elements, soft tissues and/or neurological structures. The two things that surgeons are most concerned about, in the case of spinal trauma, are instability of the vertebral column and actual or potential neurological injury.

Stability to the spinal column can be compromised when bony elements are injured or there is disruption to soft tissues such as ligaments. Instability causes the back to become unable to successfully carry normal loads, which can lead to permanent deformity, severe pain, and, in some cases, catastrophic neurological injuries. Most often the instability comes from a fracture in one of the bony parts of the vertebra, specifically the vertebral body, the lamina or the pedicles.

In the case of trauma, dislocations and fractures happen simultaneously and can result in a very unstable spinal column. They can occur in any region of the spine and are associated with a degree of neurological injury. A surgeon needs to restore the mechanical stability of the spine to try and prevent more neurologic injury, progressive deformity or prolonged incapacitation pain.

Fractures
The most common types of fractures affecting the low back are compression fractures which usually result from a fall.

Ligamentous Injuries
Many things can happen to a ligament upon injury. The ligament can be strained or sprained or it can tear or it can break all together. Treatments for these different types of injuries are different.

Musculoskeletal Injuries
Back pain is most likely to occur when the muscles in the back are not up to the task of protecting the spine. This can happen because a person is out of shape, fatigued or when they subject their back to sudden forces or heavy loads.

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